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本文以清朝“无静”古琴漆膜残片和琴弦为研究对象,综合运用多种分析仪器:体式显微镜、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪、拉曼光谱、傅里叶红外光谱、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱对样品进行分析检测,以揭示“无静”古琴的微观形貌、分层结构、物质组成,并对其髹漆工艺进行了讨论。研究结果表明:“无静”古琴大体由漆膜层、漆灰层、木胎层三部分组成。古琴表面髹黑漆,其显色物质为炭黑,成膜剂的主要成分为大漆,并添加亚麻籽油、血料、胆汁、单宁酸等多种改性材料,用料丰富。漆灰层包括粗灰层、中灰层和细灰层,由大漆、鹿角霜和瓷屑混合而成,布灰由粗到细,多次涂抹,各灰层之间髹涂一层漆液,呈波浪状起伏无打磨痕迹。此外,还鉴别出琴弦为动物纤维,应为蚕丝,制丝过程中添加多种材料,包括紫苏油、安息香树脂、淀粉、植物单宁等,工艺考究。本研究通过多种科学检测方法对古琴样品进行分析检测,揭示其髹漆工艺,为此类文物的修复和保护提供科学依据。
Abstract：This study focuses on the fragments of lacquer film and strings from the “Wu Jing” Guqin of the Qing Dynasty,employing a comprehensive array of analytical techniques—including stereomicroscopy,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS),Micro-Raman spectroscopy,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and thermally assisted hydrolysis-methylation pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(THM-Py-GC/MS)—to examine the samples.The aim is to reveal the micro-morphology,layered structure,and material composition of the “Wu Jing” Guqin,as well as to discuss its lacquering craft.The findings indicate that the “Wu Jing” Guqin is primarily composed of three layers:the lacquer layer,the lacquer-ash layer,and the wooden base layer.The surface of the qin is coated with black lacquer,with carbon black serving as the coloring agent.The primary film-forming material is raw lacquer,enriched with various modifiers such as linseed oil,blood,gall,and tannins,reflecting a diverse material composition.The lacquer-ash layer consists of coarse,medium,and fine ash layers,formed by a mixture of raw lacquer,deerhorn ash,and ceramic powder.The application process involved multiple layers of progressively finer ash,each separated by a wave-like,unpolished lacquer coating.Additionally,the Guqin strings were identified as animal fibers,likely silk,processed with sophisticated techniques and supplemented with materials such as perilla oil,benzoin resin,starch,and plant tannins.By utilizing multiple scientific methods to analyze the Guqin samples,this study elucidates its lacquering craftsmanship,providing a scientific foundation for the restoration and conservation of such cultural artifacts.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13526/j.issn.1006-6144.2025.04021
中图分类号:O657;TS953.03
引用信息:
[1]郝锌颖,游莉,李澜,等.热裂解-气相色谱/质谱、显微拉曼光谱及红外光谱等技术微损表征清代“无静”古琴材料及工艺[J].分析科学学报,2025,41(06):613-623.DOI:10.13526/j.issn.1006-6144.2025.04021.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金项目(22304170); 安徽省研究生教育质量工程项目(2024jyjxggyjY012)